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El Contexto Social y Histórico Durante la época de Lorca, España era un país machista con mucho inestabilidad político. Vamos a explorar las cosas que influyeron a Lorca mientras escribía la obra. Las Normas Sociales y Las Tradiciones El Cortejo y El Matrimonio La reja es un costumbre para novios. El novio visita su novia y son separados por unas barras; pero pueden hablar y verse sin problemas. La Sociedad Patriarcal Las mujeres fueron marginados por los hombres. Tuvieron que quedarse en la casa y permanecer vírgenes hasta el matrimonio. Las mujeres que no comportaban con las expectativas de la sociedad eran castigadas - la hija de la Librada y Paca la Roseta. El Luto Durante el periodo después de un muerte fue tradicional llevar ropa negra y quedarse en casa. Es una tradición con raíces en el catolicismo; la religión más importante en los pueblos de España durante esta época. Las hijas fueron afectadas por la duración larga de luto. Prohibiría sus capacidad encontrar un marido en edad reproductiva. La Jerarquía Social La jerarquía social fue bien definido con mucho clasismo entre la estructura. Las clases más altas tenían miedo de la reputación de sus familias. Les importaban de los pretendientes de sus hijas. Bernarda, de clase alta, controla los matrimonios de todas sus hijas. En particular, rehúsa que Martirio se case con un hombre de clase más baja.

Imperfect Tense The imperfect tense is used to refer to actions that occurred repeatedly in the past, dates and times in the past, and descriptions in the past. subject + verb stem + ending Regular Verb Endings Irregular Verbs There are only three irregular verbs: Ser - to be Ver - to see Ir - to go Example Sentences When I was 5 years old. Cuando tenía cinco años. I used to take a nap every day. Solía tomar una siesta todos los días. He was very intelligent little boy. Era un niño muy inteligente. Ser - To Be Ver - To See IR - To Go Era Veía Iba Eras Veías Ibas Era Veía Iba Éramos Veíamos Íbamos Erais Veíais Ibais Eran Veían Iban Verbs ending in -AR Verbs ending in -ER and -IR aba ía abas ías aba ía ábamos Íamos abais íais aban ían

Preterite Tense The preterite tense is used to refer to actions that occurred at a fixed point in time or number of times in the past; actions that occurred in a fixed time frame; and sudden changes in emotions or opinions. subject + verb stem + ending Verb Endings Irregular Verbs There are only four irregular verbs: Ser - to be Ir - to go Dar - to give Hacer - to do Stem-Changing Verbs Verbs ending in -IR that are stem-changing in the present tense also change in the preterite tense. However, they only change in the third person singular and plural (he/she & they) E —> I O —> U Other Forms of Verb Irregularity Verbs ending in -gar change G —> GU ( jugué ) Verbs ending in -car change C —> QU ( busqué ) Verbs ending in -zar Z —> C ( almorcé ) Verbs ending in -aer, -eer, -oír, and -oer Third person singular – ió —> yó Third person plural – ieron —> yeron Exceptions to this rule —> traer, atraer Example Sentences Fui al colegio ayer y vi mis amigos. I went to school yesterday and saw my friends. Quisieron ir al cine para ver una película. They wanted to go to the cinema to see a film. Ser Ir Estar Hacer Fui Fui Di Hice Fuiste Fuiste Diste Hiciste Fue Fue Dio Hizo Fuimos Fuimos Dimos Hicimos Fuisteis Fuisteis Disteis Hicisteis Fueron Fueron Dieron Hicieron Dormir - To Sleep Dormí Dormiste Durmió Dormimos Dormisteis Durmieron Verbs ending in -AR Verbs ending in -ER and -IR é í aste iste ó ió amos imos asteis isteis aron ieron

Imperfect Subjunctive The subjunctive isn't really considered to be a tense but rather a mood . It reflects how the speaker feels about an action. The imperfect subjunctive mood is used to express doubt, uncertainty, subjectivity, desire that happened in the past . Uses of the Imperfect Subjunctive To indicate an action in the past in same situations where the subjunctive would be used in the present. Era interesante que Sara me leyera las noticias. It was interesting that Sara would read the news to me. After the expression ojalá, or ojalá que. Ojalá que nevara mañana. I hope that it would snow tomorrow In 'si' clauses to indicate contrary-to-fact or unlikely events. Iría a los estados unidos si tuviera suficiente dinero. I would go the United States if I had enough money. When the verb in the main clause is in one of the past tenses or in the conditional, the imperfect subjunctive is used in the dependent clause. Querría que mi amiga me llamara durante su viaje. I would like my friend to call me during her trip. When the verb in the main clause is in the present but it refers to a previous occurrence. Dudo que vinieran juntos. I doubt they arrived together. To indicate politeness. Quisiera asistir a la reunión. I would like to attend the meeting. Two Forms of the Imperfect Subjunctive -A form -SE form -A Form: Take the third person plural of the preterite form of any -ar, -er and -ir verbs. Drop the -on ending to find the stem. Add the following endings to that stem: Cantar - cantara, cantaras, cantara, cantáramos, cantarais, cantaran -SE Form: Take the third person plural of the preterite form of any -ar, -er and -ir verbs. Drop the -ron ending to find the stem. Add the following endings to that stem: Cantar - cantase, cantases, cantase, cantásemos, cantaseis, cantasen Stem-Changing Verbs Only -IR verbs change stem in the preterite in both the third person singular and plural. This therefore affects the spelling of these verbs in the imperfect subjunctive. e-ie verbs: E changes to I in the third person plural of the preterite. If there are two e's in the stem, it is the second e that changes. Preferir - to prefer 3rd person plural - prefirieron Stem - prefirier- prefiriera, prefirieras, prefiriera, prefiriéramos, prefirierais, prefirieran e-i verbs: E changes to I. If there are two es in the stem, it is the second e that changes. Repetir - to repeat 3rd person plural - repitieron Stem - repitier- repitiera, repitieras, repitiera, repitiéramos, repitierais, repitieran o-u verbs: O changes to U. Dormir - to sleep 3rd person plural - durmieron Stem - durmier- durmiera, durmieras, durmiera, durmiéramos, durmierais, durmieran Subject -A Form Ending ellos, ellas, ustedes -an vosotros -ais nosotros -amos él, ella, usted -a tú -as yo -a Subject -SE Form Ending ellos, ellas, ustedes -sen vosotros -seis nosotros -semos él, ella, usted -se tú -ses yo -se

Reflexive Verbs A verb is reflexive when the subject and the object are the same. It could also be looked at as when action of the verb is being performed on the subject. reflexive pronoun + stem + ending Reflexive Pronouns Common Verb Examples Aburrirse - to get bored Afeitarse - to shave Bañarse - to bathe Cansarse - to get tired Casarse - to get married Enamorarse - to fall in love Levantarse - to get up Lavarse - to wash oneself Maquillarse - to put on makeup Vestirse - to get dressed Example Sentences Cómo se llama usted? What do you call yourself? Juan se lava la cara. Juan washes his face. Me despierto a las seis de la mañana. I get up at 6 in the morning. Quiero casarme con un hombre guapo. I want to marry a handsome man. Pronoun Translation Me Myself Te Yourself Se Him/herself Nos Ourselves Os Yourselves Se Themselves

Conditional Tense The conditional tense is used when referencing actions that ‘could’ happen in the future, expresses probability & possibility in the future. subject + verb infinitive + ending Verb Endings All verbs have the same endings, regardless of whether they end in -ar, -er, -ir. Irregular Verbs There are only 12 common irregular verbs, and only the stem of the verb changes. Example Sentences Sería interesante estudiar chino. It would be interesting to study Chinese. ¿Qué hora sería? What time could it have been? Estaría en su casa. He must have been at home. Estaríamos ocupados cuando llamaste. We were probably busy when you called. Verb Endings ía ías Ía íamos íais ían Verb Stem Caber - to fit Cabr- Decir - to say Dir- Haber - auxiliary verb Habr- Hacer - to do Har- Poder - to be able to Podr- Poner - to put Podr- Querer - to love Querr- Saber - to know Sabr- Salir - to go out Saldr- Tener - to have Tendr- Valer - to be worth Valdr- Venir - to come Vendr-

Imperfect vs Preterite The preterite tells us specifically when an action took place. The imperfect tells us in general when an action took place. The preterite is used for: Actions that can be viewed as single events Actions that were repeated a specific number of times Actions that occurred during a specific period of time Actions that were part of a chain of events To state the beginning or the end of an action The imperfect is used in the following situations: For actions that were repeated habitually For actions that “set the stage” for another past action For telling time To describe the characteristics of people or things Words & Phrases Indicating Tense Some phrases indicate specific time frames —> preterite tense Some phrases indicate repetitive, vague or non-specific time frames —> imperfect tense Preterite Imperfect ayer - yesterday a menudo - often anoche - last night a veces - sometimes el otro día - the other day muchas veces - many times en ese momento - at that moment cada día - every day entonces - then siempre - always esta mañana - this morning cada año - every year la semana pasada - last week todo el tiempo - all the time

Perfect Tense The perfect tense is used when referencing actions that have been completed in the past. It’s a compound tense. subject + conjugation of haber + past participle Auxiliary Verb - Haber This verb enables the formation of the compound perfect tense. It can be conjugated into different tenses depending on when the action occurred. Present perfect — ‘haber’ in present tense Past perfect — ‘haber’ in imperfect tense Future perfect — ‘haber’ in future tense Past Participle This does not change in the conjugation or during the translation. It’s formed by dropping the infinitive ending (-ar, -ir, -er) and adding: -AR verbs —> add -ado -ER & -IR verbs —> add -ido Irregular Past Participles Present Perfect present tense of haber + past participle Example ¿Has probado el chocolate alguna vez? - Have you ever tried chocolate? Past Perfect past tense of haber + past participle Example He had written a letter to María - Había escrito una carta a María Future Perfect future tense of haber + past participle Example I will have written the book before the new year - Habré escrito el libro antes del año nuevo Reflexive Verbs The auxiliary verb and past participle are never separated. Therefore, reflexive pronouns are placed before the auxiliary verb. In the present tense: ’I brush my teeth’ —> ‘Me cepillo los dientes’ In the present perfect tense: ‘I have brushed my teeth’ —> ‘Me he cepillado los dientes’ Negative form —> ‘No me he cepillado los dientes’ Present Imperfect Future He Había Habré Has Habías Habrás Ha Había Habrá Hemos Habíamos Habremos Habéis Habíais Habréis Han Habían Habrán Verb Past Participle Abrir - to open Abierto Cubrir - to cover Cubierto Decir - to say Dicho Escribir - to write Escrito Hacer - to do Hecho Morir - to die Muerto Poner - to put Puesto Romper - to break Roto Ver - to see Visto Volver - to return Vuelto

Future Tense The future tense is used when referencing actions that 'will' or 'shall' happen in the future. It implies certainty that the action will occur. subject + verb infinitive + ending Verb Endings Irregular Verbs Example Sentences Mañana comeré más fruta. Tomorrow, I will eat more fruit. Veremos la nueva película. We will see the new film. ¿Irás al concierto conmigo? Will you go to the concert with me? Si tengo tiempo, saldré a correr en la tarde. If I have time, I'll go running this afternoon. Verb Endings é ás á emos éis án Verb Stem Caber - to fit Cabr- Decir - to say Dir- Haber - auxiliary verb Habr- Hacer - to do Har- Poder - to be able to Podr- Poner - to put Podr- Querer - to love Querr- Saber - to know Sabr- Salir - to go out Saldr- Tener - to have Tendr- Valer - to be worth Valdr- Venir - to come Vendr-

Grammar This section focuses on some of the key grammar topics covered in Spanish A-Level. Grammar: Text Present Tense View Page Reflexive Verbs View Page Imperfect Tense View Page Conditional Tense View Page Present Subjunctive View Page Present Progressive View Page Preterite Tense View Page Perfect Tense View Page Future Tense View Page Imperfect Subjunctive View Page

Present Subjunctive The subjunctive isn't really considered to be a tense but rather a mood . It reflects how the speaker feels about an action. The subjunctive mood is used to express doubt, uncertainty, subjectivity, desire. Clauses that Indicate Use of the Subjunctive Present Subjunctive Start with the yo form of the present indicative. Then drop the -o ending. Add the following endings: Verbs with irregular first persons in present indicative: The changes in the first person carry over to their subjunctive form. Conocer – conozca, conozcas, conozca, conozcamos, conozcáis, conozcan Tener – tenga, tengas, tenga, tengamos, tengáis, tengan Salir – salga, salgas, salga, salgamos, salgáis, salgan Stem-changing -ar and -er verbs: These are conjugated like regular subjunctives (using 'yo' form of indicative) except the stem-change doesn't occur in the nosotros/vosotros forms: pensar, piense, pienses, piense, pensemos, penséis, piensen Stem-changing -ir verbs: These are conjugated like regular subjunctives (using “yo” form of the indicative) except the stem change in the nosotros and vosotros forms follows these patterns: o:ue verbs change o to u e:ie verbs change e to i e:i verbs change e to i dormir – durmamos sentir – sintamos pedir – pidamos Orthographic Changes to Present Subjunctive Verbs: Some verbs require changes to their spelling in order to keep their pronunciation. -zar z changes to c before e empezar - empiece -ger or -gir g changes to j before a coger - coja -guir gu changes to g before a seguir - siga -car c changes to qu before e buscar - busque -gar g changes to gu before e pagar - pague -uir add y before a huir - huya Irregular Verbs in Present Subjunctive There are only six main irregular verbs in the present subjunctive: Dar - to give Estar - to be Haber - to have (auxiliary verb) Ir - to go Saber - to know Ser - to be Clause Translation a menos que … unless ... antes (de) que … before ... después (de) que … after ... dudar que … to doubt that ... en cuanto … as soon as ... es dudoso que … it's doubtful that ... es fácil que … it's likely that ... es importante que … it's important that ... es imposible que … it's impossible that ... es improbable que … it's unlikely that ... es incierto que … it's uncertain that ... es (una) lástima que … it's a pity that ... es necesario que … it's necessary that ... esperar que … to wish that ... es posible que … it's possible that ... es preciso que … it's necessary that ... es preferible que … it's preferable that ... es probable que … it's probable that ... hasta que … until ... insistir en que … to insist that ... mientras que … while ... negar que … to deny that ... no creer que … not to believe that ... no es cierto que … it's not certain that ... no estar seguro de que … to not be sure that ... no es verdad que … it's not true that ... no imaginarse que … to not imagine that ... no parecer que … to not seem that ... no pensar que … to not think that ... no suponer que … to not suppose that ... ojalá … perhaps ... para que … in order that ... pedir que … to ask that ... preferir que … to prefer that ... prohibir que … to prohibit that ... puede ser que … it may be that ... querer que … to want that ... recomendar que … to recommend that ... sin que … without ... sugerir que … to suggest that ... temer que … to fear that ... tener miedo de que … to be afraid that ... Verbs ending in -AR Verbs ending in -ER and -IR -en -an -éis -áis -emos -amos -e -a -es -as -o -o Dar Estar Haber Ir Saber Ser des estés hayas vayas sepas seas dé esté haya vaya sepa sea demos estemos hayamos vayamos sepamos seamos deis estéis hayáis vayáis sepáis seáis den estén hayan vayan sepan sean dé esté haya vaya sepa sea

Present Progressive The present progressive is used to describe an action that is in the process of taking place. It’s translated as ‘-ing’ phrases in English. subject + conjugation of estar + present participle Estar Conjugation This verb can be conjugated in any tense to reflect what occurs in the tense. Present Participle Verb Stem + Participle ending -AR verbs —> add -ando -ER / -IR verbs —> add -iendo Some words need changes to spelling to agree with pronunciation: ir —> yendo influir —> influyendo oír —> oyendo For -ir stem changing verbs, change e:i to o:u in the stem dormir —> durmiendo morir —> muriendo Example Sentences Estoy hablando con mi padre I am speaking to my father. Los niños están comiendo en el jardín. The children are eating in the garden. Estamos preparando el almuerzo. We are cooking lunch. El abuela está durmiendo en la sala. Grandma is sleeping in the living room. Estar - To Be estoy estás está estamos estáis están